Artemisia vulgaris L.: A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemical Constituents, Pharmacological Activities, Traditional Uses, and Safety Considerations

Abstract

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) is a medicinal plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is widely spread throughout Asia, Europe, and North America, and has been used in traditional medicine for a long time. The plant has garnered scientific interest due to its varied phytochemical profile and pharmacological activities. The main bioactive compounds are essential oils, flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones, coumarins, and phenolic acids, which could be responsible for the many biological activities. The antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and bronchodilatory properties of Artemisia vulgaris have been reported in several studies. It has been tested for its antioxidant activity by the DPPH assay and antibacterial and antifungal activity by the agar well diffusion method. The studies allow evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of plant extracts and essential oils. In addition, experimental studies have shown potential anti-cancer activities against some cancer cell lines, which could be utilized for future cancer studies. The results, however, do not establish its efficacy in human cancer therapy. In traditional medicine, Artemisia vulgaris is used to treat digestive disorders, loss of appetite, menstrual discomfort, and other ailments. Its essential oils have also been described as being used in the food industry as a flavouring agent due to their aromatic and bitter properties. Moreover, the plant can also be used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries because of its chemical constituents and biological properties. Although it has been used traditionally and there are some promising pharmacological activities, the safety of Artemisia vulgaris needs to be carefully examined. The essential oil constituents can have negative effects, and its pollen can cause allergies in those who are allergic. Extra care must be taken in individuals suffering from certain illnesses. Therefore, this review summarizes the phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities, traditional medicinal applications, industrial applications, and safety of Artemisia vulgaris. Well-designed experimental and clinical studies are needed to determine its therapeutic efficacy, mechanisms of action, optimal dose, and long-term safety. In conclusion, Artemisia vulgaris is a plant of great medicinal importance that shows potential for future research and development of natural medicinal products.