Compact ETP Design for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

2026-08-03T07:26:03+00:00

Traditional industrial wastewater treatment systems have problems. They need a lot of space, are expensive to run, and are hard to maintain. They also do not remove pollutants well. To solve these problems, a compact Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is designed. It treats wastewater efficiently in a small area. This system is ideal for medium-sized industries with limited space and resources. The compact ETP combines treatment processes into one unit. This saves space and treats wastewater efficiently. The treatment process starts with screening. This includes screening and grit removal. Then the wastewater is equalized to balance the flow and pollutant load. Chemical treatment processes like coagulation and flocculation are used. They remove suspended solids and colloidal particles. The wastewater then goes to a clarifier for sedimentation. This separates sludge from treated water. The wastewater is treated further using processes. This happens in an aeration tank. Microorganisms degrade pollutants here. The secondary clarifier then removes sludge. Advanced treatment methods are also used. These include pressure sand filtration and activated carbon filtration. They improve water quality by removing particles, colour, and odour. The compact design ensures removal of contaminants. These include suspended solids, oil and grease and harmful chemicals. It also reduces water wastage. Treated water can be reused for potable purposes. These include cooling, washing or irrigation. This promotes water management. Overall, the compact ETP has advantages: It has a small footprint, it is cost-effective, it is easy to install, and it has improved treatment performance. This makes it a practical solution for industrial wastewater management.

Methodology for Comparative Analysis and Yield Optimization of Different Plastic Wastes via Thermal Pyrolysis

2026-05-20T06:17:53+00:00

The rapid increase in global plastic consumption has created significant environmental challenges. Only ~9% of the ~370 Mt of plastic waste generated annually is effectively recycled, underscoring the urgent need for alternative strategies. Thermal pyrolysis is a promising waste-to-fuel technology that converts mixed plastics into valuable hydrocarbon fuels under oxygen-limited conditions. Remarkably, thermal depolymerization processes (pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction) can achieve plastic-to-oil conversions exceeding 90% under optimal conditions. For common plastics (LDPE, HDPE, and PP), liquid-oil yields ranging from 74–82% were experimentally obtained in this study under optimized thermal pyrolysis conditions, while literature reports indicate yields up to 90–95% under advanced catalytic conditions. In this study, a comparative methodology is developed to optimize yields from different plastic wastes. The effects of key parameters (temperature, catalysts, feedstock composition) on product distribution has been examined. Catalytic pyrolysis (using zeolites, CaO, red mud, etc.) is evaluated for its effect on oil quality. The study also discusses the future potential of integrating machine-learning techniques for pyrolysis process optimization. Results show that optimized pyrolysis of polyolefins produces predominantly liquid fuels with high calorific value (~46 MJ/kg) and minimal char, while capturing hazardous by-products (HCl) effectively. The findings demonstrate a viable pathway for converting waste plastics into energy, supporting sustainable waste management and a circular carbon economy.

Journal of Water Resources and Pollution Studies

Compact ETP Design for Industrial Wastewater Treatment

Methodology for Comparative Analysis and Yield Optimization of Different Plastic Wastes via Thermal Pyrolysis